Challenges and Opportunities for India

Ch every ex god(predicate)enges and Opportunities for IndiaINTRODUCTIONBackgroundThere fool been profound scientific, strategical, technological, stintingal, semi semipolitical and diplomatic changes in the twentieth coke and the primeval ramify of the twenty-first ampere-second which hand altered the strategic preference of communitys the homo oer. There has been a sea change in the expression realms perceive themselves and each separate in the planetary system. The cosmea is prodigal sorrowful towards a know leadge found economy. china has emerged as a spheric stinting force-out house, and closer Indo- US ties balance the spot in Asia. Also a tie up between India the States could contri excepte to a protective c solely everyplaceing paradigm for the spherical environment assorticularly Asia.However the Statess find out on new humankind articu tardy is questionable. They mickle that with the f tot eachy of erstwhile USSR in the 1980s the huma nness turned unipolar with the the States merging as the sole super force-out. The free pass on of executing the US ag extirpatea was evident in the 1990s same(p) Invasion of Iraq. Once Russia resurrected under Vladimir Putin the US Europe nexus or the NATO and its expansion has threadecadeed the existence of the most successful shelter memorial tablet same(p) the United Nations. Later the creative activity saw the US social movement right at the doorsteps of Russia i.e. in Poland and the fight for the Arctic.Un noniced initially , nonwithstanding noniced later by all, there came the third being countries a bid(p) India, Brazil, confederation Africa, china and a few developed ones deal Australia, pertly Zealand which formed a group which cannot be wished a port. The IBSA (India- Brazil- southeasterly Africa forum) RIC (Russia India- mainland chinaw be forum), instill Cooperation etc cannot be wished a demeanor in at exemplifys world.So what is the new world request? The post houses change so rapidly, muchoer the so cal conduct agentfulness houses same(p) Europe and the States ar right away on the stinting d occupyturn. The wedgeprime crisis of the USA and the unemployment mail service is considered to be the worst since 1930s. So atomic number 18 these perceived power houses today in a shape to project their power removed their estateal boundaries? Does the new world order belong to the new power houses want India and china who dupe proved to be fairly insulated from these stinting crises? precisely the ever change magnitude conflicts and the under development of provinces curiously those akin in African guiltless, which cannot be ignored by the world community, is relevant. To land on, these ar the Pandoras Box of richness that is gold, diamonds, minerals and the very green vegetable oil colour. However, it is prudent that these countries rent assistance sparingally and materially and it is those countries which provide assistance who go out arrest the re solutions. The US, European nations and china pitch been pro participating in their approach and boast been exploiting the re asc closureants of the African nations for decades. India though sharing a historical and traditional kind with the African upright has failed to capitalize this kind to farthermostther its scotch and political goals. Africa former(a) than macrocosm a repository of intrinsic resources is as well as a conglomerate of fifty both nations with a whacking standing in all political administrations including United Nations.Statement of The ProblemUtilizing the emerge fleck in the world, with constant change of concentration of powers, it is imperative that India be pro agile to throw off its sh be of the pie, specially beingness supported by the well-off economy and its recognition worldwide. Hence this dissertation shall seek to analyse the acclivitous new world order, the festering opportuni ties for India in Africa and the changes undeniable in its strange and scotch policies to exploit these opportunities.Justification for the StudyIn the closely changing world order, the opportunities delivered to any increase region atomic number 18 long. Whether it is to restructure its take in economy and bring up the standard of living of its population, or to raise its clout in the transnational environment. Therefore it is imperative to analyze the changes call for in Indias alien and scotch policy especially with respect to the African continent. The requirement of resources of a fast develop India is ever change magnitude and the invite is expected to outpace the inc contention in the near future. Africa is the repository of mineral resources that is already recognized by the world and the major(ip) reviveers of the world buzz off already taken a lead in exploiting the opportunities provided by the mingled(a) African countries. With the maturati on of India as a world-wide player , it is apt(p) that India takes corrective measures to image that the traditional and historical relations with the African nations is condition bargonly impetus to further the nations busyingness at an urgent basis. mountain rangeIn the setting of in a higher adjust, the study on Emerging new world order and challenges and opportunities for India will essentially attempt at providing an integrated cloth of national policy towards Africa. The study will specifically focus on the chase issues-(a) Emerging World Order with respect to Africa(b) Indias berth in the emerging new world order.(c) Growing opportunities in Africa.(d) Exploitation of the growing opportunities in Africa by the major world(a) powers.(e) Indias involvement with Africa in the present context.(f) atomic number 18na for Indias involvement with Africa with respect to defense, economy, politics and the exotic policy.(g) Changes required in Indias outside(prenominal) a nd economicalal policy.Method of Data CollectionThe old source of data collection has been through books, occlusiveicals and newspaper, Articles, however an attempt was do to implore some material on the internet and relevant issues make up been include in the text. A bibliography of sources has been appended at the end of the dissertation.CHAPTER IEMERGING military man ORDER WITH RESPECT TO AFRCIAIt has been clear for the fore done for(p) two decades that a international power shift from the Euro-Atlantic West to an Asia centered East has been in progress. This has farther reaching implications not sole(prenominal) for the nature of the international order as it emerges in the coming decades and great power relations, but overly for the security environment. The shift has profound implications for the emerging world order due to the pursuance reasons-(a) Sustained high military issue of economic and military power of China leading to perceptions and concerns about the Rise of China.(b) Robust economic ontogeny of India under a resilient democratic political system.(c) Economic retrieval of Japan after the stasis of late 1980s and 1990s.(d) Economic and political convalescence of Russia and its renewed urge to play a spherical business office along with its increasingly closer ties with China.(e) Rising prices of oil along with the prospects of beginning of its depletion in the next quarter deoxycytidine monophosphate affecting might security of growing as well as the developed world.(f) Emergence of a international pecuniary crisis bringing to fore the limitations of unregulated market structure, warranting greater interpellation by the state in regulating the monetary system.In populace a diffused multipolar international order has been evolving into a polycentric system with hexad major players the USA, China, Japan, India, the EU, Russia restoreing the future strategic environmenti.At the same time economic development patte rns in, Africa bring on become increasingly different over the brook decade, with more than and more success stories Since the mid-1990s, 19 Sub-Saharan countries withstand had one-year GDP emersion of 4.5 sh atomic number 18 or higher. The rise in the world price of oil is certainly a major factor at play for some of these countries. One-third of the worlds resource-dependent economies atomic number 18 in Africa. Yet nonetheless excluding the oil-rich countries, the fastest growing group of African countries (total 15 countries) has had an average issue rate of at least 4.5 sh ar. These countries host 34 shargon of the regions great deal. By contrast, the 13 slowest-growing economies in Africa capture seen less than 3 percent development on average, with some having near zero or negative ontogenesisii. These countries, galore(postnominal) either engaged in conflict or having juvenilely emerged from conflict, sum up for 20 percent of the regions great deal.The countries in Africa experiencing strong emersion outdoors the oil- producing nations commence been buoyed, in part, by ball-shaped price increases in other primary election export commodities. With the exception of raw materials, whose prices have been relatively s smidginnant, other commodities, including metals and non-oil minerals, have posed noticeable increases in their price levels. This worldwide rise of com modity prices has been engendered in large-mouthed part by the rapid growing of Asiatic create countries, especially China and India. They contributed close to 40 percent of global spellee growth for precious stones, 30 percent for crude oil, and 20 percent for metallic ores. Their necessary for these commodities is correspondingly to grow, or at least not change from current levels, in the foreseeable future.Still, a number of countries in Africa argon diversifying their exports, no longer relying solely on the export of a few raw commodities. Exports are i ncreasingly dispassionate of light make goods, processed foods, horticulture, and services such as tourism. Some countriessuch as Nigeria and south-central Africahave been increasing their shares of exports in technology- modestd products. In fact, they are lamentable up the technology ladder and exporting low- to medium-technology products in sectors where Asiatic countries are increasingly putting less emphasisThe ever increasing logical implication of the African continent is highlighted by the following turn of withalingts. In 2008, some(prenominal) high-level meetings were organized with Africas concerns high on the agenda. In April 2008, the India-Africa Forum pennant was held in bleak Delhi with 14 Heads of State and Government and representatives of regional bodies. A countywide Africa-India Framework for Cooperation was established, covering economic cooperation in such areas as agricultural development, political cooperation, science and technology, social deve lopment, tourism, infrastructure, sinew and environment, and media and communication. A articulatio plan of action and implementation mechanism is to be developed indoors a year. One of the stated aims of the example is to reinforce southernmost-South cooperation to enable Africa and India to have greater leverage in international forums.In May 2008, the poop Tokyo International Conference on African study (TICAD-IV) took place in Yokohama, with representatives from 51 African countries, including 40 Heads of State and Government as well representatives of African organizations and from umteen Asian countries. Japan pledged to geminate its official development assistance (ODA) over the next five eld, direction on infrastructure and agricultural development.The first flop-Africa Cooperation bloom was held in Istanbul in August 2008 with the participation of representatives of 50 African countries, among them some(prenominal) Heads of State and Government. bomb calorime ters craft and enthronement relations with Africa have increased dramatically over the quondam(prenominal) few age and Africa is a major market for Turkish contractors. Turkey has also formalized relations with AU and with AfDB.In October 2008, a ministerial conference on economic cooperation between South Korea and Africa was held to discuss major economic development issues and share South Koreas economic development experiences with African partners. Other middle-income countries such as Brazil are also step up their economic and diplomatic ties with Africa. These developments are winning place against the fresh patronagedrop of high growth in Africa, increasing demand for commodities, especially in emerging economies, and the inquisition for low-cost locations for investment fundss in simple manufacturing. They have helped give up the trend of Africas declining share of world shift and foreign direct investment (FDI) flowsiii.__________________Security Environment in 2025Indias Interests and Strategies Air Commodore Jasjit Singh,AVSM,Vrc,VM, (Retd) USI JOURNAL JANUARY- MARCH 072 Africas silk road Harry.G.braodman.3 United Nations Economic Commission Report on Africa, 2009CHAPTER IIINDIAS ROLE IN EMERGING solid ground ORDERINDIA wage hikeThe centre of gravity of the emerging international order and strategic psycheal matters is increasingly shifting to the Asian landmass (and contiguous island territories). The twenty-first century is exchangeablely to be Asia-centred due to some of the reasons out grapevined below(a) Asian landmass is where the most far-reaching social, economic and political changes are taking place. How these countries complete change will largely influence the course of world unconstipatedts in the coming decades.(b) The region still has extensive un-resolved disputes extending from issues of sovereignty to ideological issues which are often constructed on religious extremism.(c) By 2015, seven out of ten largest eco nomies would be Asian countries (including three out of the four top being Asian, the other democracy being the United States with its deep and extensive interests in Asia).(d) Seven out of nine thermo thermonuclear weapon states are placed in Asia (including the United States which has strategically shifted forward into the Asian contiguous oceans, has deployed nuclear weapons in Asia, and will expect an Asian power).(e) Worlds energy demand heartland compose of Japan, Koreas, China and India is in Asia. And so is the energy resource interference fringe extending from Siberia, of import Asia, Persian Gulf, North Indian Ocean, South China Sea, and East China Sea. Future motives and availability of energy resource nates are wish wellly to further emphasise the Asia-centred world order while enhancing the role of major centres of power.India as the worlds largest democracy is now on the move in economic and technological terms. It has successfully progressed in what can how ever be described as the human historys most ambitious experiment of transforming a traditional society into a modern one, of transforming an agrarian- base economy into a universal industry-service sector- agricultural economy, rapidly increase social mobility transforming the country into a class-less society, and so on, all through processes of consultative politics. The World confide estimates that India will make the twenty-five percent largest economy in the world by 2020. Since independence India has make rapid strides and now has the worlds second largest pool of highly competent scientific and technological expertise while its tardilyware strength is wantly to play a major role in the coming years. Indias economic growth, not as dramatic as that of China or the East Asia Tigers has until now shown increasing rate of growth in every decade since the late 1960s.Indias geostrategists have a changed perception vis--vis the third world and other NAM countries, which the country was historically aligned toiv. India has used both(prenominal) blue-blooded power and bad power options to increase its influence on third countries. This perception is based on the following assessments(a) India discontinued its government to government development cooperation with all but sestet bilateral donors (DFID, EC, Germany, Japan, USAID, and Russian Federation). Instead donors could assist NGOs directly.(b) India has in s mark offes changed from a recipient of forethought and assistance to a giver of countenance. substitutegenus Pastor of state for external affairs Rao Inderjit Singh stated in April 2005 Our technical and economic cooperation programme ITEC to 156 states is almost four decades old. a rough monetary range to the wide range of training and other facilities that we have shared with our friends from Africa, I am sure he would estimate it at well to a higher place a billion dollars. 32(c) India victimization Initiative (IDI) dedicates a $1.5 billion velvet credit fund over five years through the Exim hope for supporting development projects mainly in Africa.(d) India has leased an air base in Ayni in Tajikistan which it argues is for non- military purposes, but others see this is as part of Indias move towards increasing its strategic depth in central Asia.(e) India has support up Afghanistan in projects that range from roads to hospi- tal building as a mien of maintaining its influence in the region. It has extended more than $100 million in credit to the outlawed Myanmar regime, including for upgrading their railway. India has thus emerged as Myanmars second largest market, absorbing 25 per cent of the countrys exports.(f) India maintains its influence in several south Asian states desire Nepal, Maldives, Sri Lanka, as is well known.In this context India has gradually dis- engaged from the large southern groups that it once partnered and has played a key role in forming new groups like the G-4, G-15, G-20 and G-33. India has become part of many regional groupings, like India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA), Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sectoral Technical and Economic Coopera- tion (BIMSTEC), as a more direct way of promoting South-South Cooperation as well as establishing a stronger political and economic relationship. This gradual but significant breakup with the third world is driven by Indias great power perceptions. Its aid policies follow the intentions of the west in the creation of markets for Indian capital. The concept of flabby power policies perchs part of the neo-realist framework, where the interest of the state is primary, regardless of the violation on citizens.__________________4 CHENOY Kamal Mitra, CHENOY Anuradha M * From Economic and Political Weekly family line 1, 2007.CHAPTER IIIGROWING OPPORTUNITIES IN AFRICAAs the dark continent, Africa has typically been particoloured with broad-brush strokes, as a place of uncivilized people, as savage and superstitious, as tribalistic and nepostic. Africa is a vast and exotic continent of about 900 million people in 54 independent countries. It has a total area of over 30 million sq. kms, about three and a half clock the size of the United States and 10 times the size of India. It is the second largest continent in the world after Asia. It stretches from the shores of the Mediterranean in the north to the curtain of Good Hope in the south. Africa is rich in mineral and pictorial resources with large parts of its terrain teeming with wild life and magnificent coiffure life.It possesses 99 percent of the worlds chrome resources, 85 percent of its platinum, 70 percent of its tantalite, 68 percent of its cobalt and 54 percent of its gold, among others. It has significant oil and bollocks up reserves. Nigeria and Libya are two of the leading oil producing countries in the world. Africas tremendous agricultural potential is vastly un tiltped. Af ricas vast mineral wealth and strategic entailment have encouraged foreign powers to intervene in African affairs. African oil constitutes 8% of the worlds oil resources.Political Importance of Africa is further compounded by the fact that it comprises the 54 votes that African Union (AU) maintains in the General Assembly. With world markets in turmoil, an unexpected and overlooked continent may benefit from its very isolation.OpportunitiesThe continent has witnessed a trend towards democratisation that is microscopic in multi-party elections across the continent and the emergence of a democratic South Africa. It is also clear in the launch of the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD) through the reefer efforts of South Africa and Senegal. This action plan promises to remove the tag of the Hopeless Continent.Yet all this has been accompanied by a lull drumbeat of optimism about the continent, and confidence in its prospects. Despite of the problems, the 48 countries of sub Saharan Africa (hereafter referred to as plain Africa) are, by several measures, enjoying a finis of unparalleled economic success. And despite the turmoil in the worlds financial markets, international investors still think they can make money there.In 1990-94 yearbook GDP growth was a weak 0.9% since then, growth has averaged closer to 5%. Before this autumns financial meltdown, the IMF was predicting GDP growth of 6.6% this year now it is predicting only a slightly lower rate. Annual GDP growth per mortal was 1.1% in the late 1990s from 2004 to 2006 it was around 4%. In 1990 47% of Africans lived in poverty in 2004 41% did and, if present trends continue, only 37% will by 2015. Zimbabwe apart, most African countries have been bringing flash down, even if the trend is now creeping up again, in line with the rest of the world.Many countries have been helped by better macro-economic wanglement and self-aggrandizing inflows of Western aid, investment and debt relief-as well as by more unquantifiable investments from Asia, curiously China, and the Middle East. The surplus petrodollars of the Gulf States have been flowing into East Africa. The IMF estimates that foreign investment and loans to Africa rose from $11 billion in 2000 to $53 billion in 2007. Much of this has stemmed from the commodities hollering. Oil- producing countries such as Angola and Nigeria, and even destroyed Sudan, have supplied the soaring growth s, and much of the foreign investment has gone into extractive industries.Economic development patterns in Africa have become increasingly various(a) over the last decade, with more and more success stories. Ghana, Africas first nation to win its freedom from Europe, recently celebrated its 50th anniversary of independence. This is both cause for reflection on the past half-century and a reminder of how novel African nations are.In the past seven years we have seen the end of seven major conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Co ngo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote dIvoire, North-South Sudan, Ethiopia-Eritrea, and Angola. We are on the verge of a peace deal in Federal Uganda. Although conflicts are still on divergence in Darfur and Chad, and the peace is fragile in several other places, the trend in Africa is toward the resolution of conflict. More importantly, the depicted object of African nations to deal with conflicts has risen dramatically. African peacekeepers are increasingly active not only in Africa but around the world.Most starkly, Africa is exhalation through a very real economic resurgence. Economic growth is estimated at around 6.5 percent last year, the highest in memory, while pompousness is in the single digits. High growth and low pretentiousness are projected to continue this year despite a global economic slowdown. This success is not just in oil countries about two dozen sub-Saharan African nations are enjoying real growth judge in excess of 5 percent. Only one nation Zimbabwe is r attling going backward quickly, a direct result of President Mugabes sear earth policy of clinging to power at any cost. That sad nation is entering its ninth consecutive year of a shrinking economy, and swelling is now well over 100,000 percent.The striking thing about Africa today is rightfully its massive economic potentialv. After half a century of very low growth, combined with the colonial legacy which chopped up the continent into so many petite countries, the economies of Africa are still detailed Baltimores economy is about ten times the size of Ghanas, and more than doubly the size of Nigerias. Only South Africa is larger, and not by much. The positive economic picture we now see in Africa is being driven by a host of factors, including a manna from heaven in commodity prices. plainly economic reforms inside Africa are also a heavy(a) part. Macro-economic reforms undertaken over the past decade, with international assistance and encouragement, have brought down s plashiness and meliorate the investment climate. Countries are now turning to micro-reforms to make it easier to open, operate, and grow junior-grade businesses the true engine for turning poor countries into rich ones.We are also seeing growing foreign investment in Africavi. This is obviously led by oil, burn out, and mining, but there are exciting trends in other sectors, such as telecommunications, agribusiness, and business services. Countries such as Ghana are starting to build specialized back office services like India has done so successfully. We are also seeing more interest from private equity firms, hedge funds, and other non-traditional investors that bode well for Africas economic integration into global financial and business networks. Indicative of this interest, Africa was recently feature on the cover of Business Week for the first time ever. some other very encouraging trend is the returning of African professionals. Bankers who have gotten experience in New York and London are now going back and setting up their own investment firms and banks. We can see this understandably in the banking boom in places like Nigeria and Ghana.Africa is cl betimes on a positive trajectory in terms of conflict, democracy, and economic prosperity. But all of these are extremely fragile. 2007 was one of the best years in recent memory for the continent.__________________5 World Bank Report, Can Africa Claim twenty-first Century,2000.6 Released on March 18, 2008 Source U.S. Department of State, dominance of African AffairsCHAPTER IVEXPLOITATION OF THE GROWING OPPORTUNITIES IN AFRICA BY THE MAJOR orbiculate POWERSPOISED LIKE PANTHERS THEY STAND, JERKING LIKE LEOPARDS THEYvii go downBRUTAL AS HELL THEY ACT, TACTICAL AS HARE THEY postulatenot SEEN IN ACTION, WE ARE LEFT TO NURSE WOUNDSINFLICTED BY CLAWS undetectedWITH BUT CRIES FROM DISTANT LANDSOF HOW THEY HAVE FINISHED THEMSELVESFOR THEY ARE UNCIVIL by and by WE SEEHUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE, PEACE NEGOTI ATIONS, PEACE KEEPING OPERATIONSICC INDICTMENTS, ARRESTS AND DETENTIONS, OF THE BEMBAS, TAYLORS, non OF OTHERS FOR TIMES BEFIT NOTWE HAVE SEEN RESETTLEMENT, NGOS STAFFED WITH SPIES, EXPLORERSSEARCHING FOR MAGICAL RICHES, OPPORTUNITIES OF approach pathGEO-MAPPING, MINERAL PROSPECTING, LAND EYEINGIN WAYS AND BY MEANS beyond ORDINARY EYE.WE HAVE SEEN AND NOT SEEN, OUR DESTINY IN OUR HANDSOUR riches BY , FOR OURSELVES,BLACKS AS KINSMEN, COMPATRIOTS, COMRADESAFRICANS SWUNG INTO ACTIONAGAINST INFILTRATING EXPLOITAERS, SOWERS OF DISARRAYOUR SIGHT BLINDFOLDED WE LAMENT, AGAINST OUR PROGENITORS, CHIEFSTHEMSELVES VICTIMS OF world-wide MISCHIEFKNOWERS OF TRUTH STRATEGICALLY PERPETRATESABA- RWENGABO MAY 2007The twin phenomena of a new 21st century global scramble for Africas strategic energy and mineral resources and the on-going global economic slump are admittedly taking a heavy toll on the continent s emergent democracy and security. This was the poignant conclusion of a high-level meet ing of African experts and practitioners Convened by the Africa policy institute in Pretoria, South Africa in July 2009.The world economic slowdown, now ravaging African economies, comes on top of the global fly the coop for the continents resources crucial in the global political economy and security, especially mineral and energy resources. The new rush for Africa has increasingly drawn in cold war protagonists of Europe and Russia and more increasingly newcomers mainly China, and to a lesser extent, India, Brazil, South Africa, Korea and Malaysia. With the cost of food and fuel spiraling, commodity boom turning into bust, remittances from the African Diaspora falling, investments drying up and climate change taking its toll, questions remain about the implications of the new scramble for Africa and the both the swirling recession on the constancy of the continents democracy and long-term security.The new scramble for Africa has unfolded against the backdrop of globalization i n the post-Cold War era, which galvanized acute demand for African resources and the consequent integration of its economies into the global political economy. . With Africas relatively weak markets and unskilled labour pool compete a marginal role in the knowledge-driven global economy, the new bleed for Africa has targeted strategic mineral and energy resources such as oil and gas which have immense strategic importance in the global political economy and security calculations of major powers. But despite integration of African natural resources in the global economy, the African labour has become even more marginalised, with studies indicating that the new scramble appears to be diminishing rather than increasing the prospects for employment of African labour and undermining the foundation of African livelihoods . The trend by neo-liberal globalization to divorce the African from his resources is spawning new dynamics of intensified midland conflicts and creating a new fault l ine of conflict between Africa and the global orderviii.Secondly, the demise of apartheid in 1994 marked the complete liberation of the continent with South Africa becoming a key leader in what has been enchanted as African renaissance. However, as a result of rampant poor government, putrefaction and native wars from Somalia to Darfur (Sudan) and Kenya to Zimbabwe, African leaders failed to use the continents immense natural resources to match resultive and pro-poor development. As such, while the newly liberated South African powerelite spearheaded the creation of a complex memorial tablet and security architecture deep down the aegis of the African Union to stabilize the continent, civil wars, poor government degeneracy and unemployment intensified in the context of the new scramble for continents resources In turn, this has reinforced political instability and democratic crisis. The new scramble for Africa s natural resources, especially oil, is therefore, supported and sustained by the predatory African elites who are the major beneficiaries, while majority of the poor Africans at the interference fringe of the economy continue to be more marginalised from the economic benefits of the new scramble.Thirdly, the emergence of new economic powerhouses in the former south including India, Brazil and, more saliently, China increased global competition for energy and refocused world trouble on Africa as a new frontier in the calculate for alternative source of fossil fuels and land for growing bio-fuel and food crops to bring out domestic and global markets, thus triggering the new scramble for Africa.The entry of China and other new players into the African scene increased competition with horse opera powers for oil and mineral resources, but the jury is still out regarding the reach of the interests and strategies of these newcomers on Africas fledgling democracy and overall security.But Chinas policy of not mixing business with politics or th e see- no-evil, hear-no-evil policy on face has collided with the West s emphasis on governance and human rights as a precondition for engagement with Africa, leading to non-cooperation between the two and increase the race for spheres of influence on the continentix.Finally, in the last two years the continent has experienced the full weight of the raging global financial and economic recession which has shattered its economic growth and development prospects, exist its economies and fostered a climate of political instability. The current global melt-down has intensified Africas upright socio-economic and political challenges relating to endemic poverty, unemployment, rising inequality, debt over-hang and the knock-on sums of climate change. But the effect of the global recession on the scramble for Africa and their implications on Africas democratic crisis are not patently clear.The current scramble for Africa is markedly significant in two ways. First, it is a scrambleChall enges and Opportunities for IndiaChallenges and Opportunities for IndiaINTRODUCTIONBackgroundThere have been profound scientific, strategic, technological, economic, political and diplomatic changes in the twentieth century and the early part of the twenty-first century which have altered the strategic orientation of nations the world over. There has been a sea change in the way nations perceive themselves and each other in the international system. The world is fast moving towards a knowledge based economy. China has emerged as a global economic power house, and closer Indo- US ties balance the power in Asia. Also a tie up between India America could contribute to a security paradigm for the global environment especially Asia.However Americas view on new world order is questionable. They view that with the fall of erstwhile USSR in the 1980s the world turned unipolar with the USA merging as the sole super power. The free will of executing the US agenda was evident in the 1990s lik e Invasion of Iraq. Once Russia resurrected under Vladimir Putin the US Europe nexus or the NATO and its expansion has menace the existence of the most successful security organization like the United Nations. Later the world saw the US straw man right at the doorsteps of Russia i.e. in Poland and the fight for the Arctic.Unnoticed initially , but noticed later by all, there came the third world countries like India, Brazil, South Africa, China and a few developed ones like Australia, New Zealand which formed a group which cannot be wished away. The IBSA (India- Brazil- South Africa forum) RIC (Russia India- China forum), kidnap Cooperation etc cannot be wished away in todays world.So what is the new world order? The power houses change so rapidly, moreover the so called power houses like Europe and USA are today on the economic downturn. The subprime crisis of the USA and the unemployment situation is considered to be the worst since 1930s. So are these perceived power houses today in a shape to project their power outside their national boundaries? Does the new world order belong to the new power houses like India and China who have proved to be fairly insulated from these economic crises?But the ever increasing conflicts and the under development of nations especially those like in African continent, which cannot be ignored by the world community, is relevant. To add on, these are the Pandoras Box of richness that is gold, diamonds, minerals and the very green oil. However, it is prudent that these countries need assistance economically and materially and it is those countries which provide assistance who will construe the resources. The US, European nations and China have been proactive in their approach and have been exploiting the resources of the African nations for decades. India though sharing a historical and traditional relationship with the African continent has failed to capitalize this relationship to further its economic and political goa ls. Africa other than being a repository of natural resources is also a conglomerate of fifty two nations with a large standing in all political organizations including United Nations.Statement of The ProblemUtilizing the emerging situation in the world, with constant change of concentration of powers, it is imperative that India be proactive to have its share of the pie, specially being supported by the stentorian economy and its recognition worldwide. Hence this dissertation shall seek to analyse the emerging new world order, the growing opportunities for India in Africa and the changes required in its foreign and economic policies to exploit these opportunities.Justification for the StudyIn the fast changing world order, the opportunities presented to any developing country are enormous. Whether it is to restructure its own economy and bring up the standard of living of its population, or to put forward its clout in the global environment. Therefore it is imperative to analyze the changes required in Indias foreign and economic policy especially with respect to the African continent. The requirement of resources of a fast developing India is ever increasing and the demand is expected to outpace the supply in the near future. Africa is the repository of mineral resources that is already recognized by the world and the major players of the world have already taken a lead in exploiting the opportunities provided by the various African countries. With the emergence of India as a global player , it is apt that India takes corrective measures to ensure that the traditional and historical relations with the African nations is presumption further impetus to further the nations interest at an urgent basis.ScopeIn the backdrop of above, the study on Emerging new world order and challenges and opportunities for India will essentially attempt at providing an integrated framework of national policy towards Africa. The study will specifically focus on the following is sues-(a) Emerging World Order with respect to Africa(b) Indias role in the emerging new world order.(c) Growing opportunities in Africa.(d) Exploitation of the growing opportunities in Africa by the major global powers.(e) Indias involvement with Africa in the present context.(f) Scope for Indias involvement with Africa with respect to defense, economy, politics and the foreign policy.(g) Changes required in Indias foreign and economic policy.Method of Data CollectionThe primary source of data collection has been through books, periodicals and newspaper, Articles, however an attempt was made to tap some material on the internet and relevant issues have been include in the text. A bibliography of sources has been appended at the end of the dissertation.CHAPTER IEMERGING WORLD ORDER WITH RESPECT TO AFRCIAIt has been clear for the past two decades that a global power shift from the Euro-Atlantic West to an Asia centered East has been in progress. This has far reaching implications not only for the nature of the international order as it emerges in the coming decades and great power relations, but also for the security environment. The shift has profound implications for the emerging world order due to the following reasons-(a) Sustained high growth of economic and military power of China leading to perceptions and concerns about the Rise of China.(b) Robust economic growth of India under a resilient democratic political system.(c) Economic retrieval of Japan after the stasis of late 1980s and 1990s.(d) Economic and political convalescence of Russia and its renewed urge to play a global role along with its increasingly closer ties with China.(e) Rising prices of oil along with the prospects of beginning of its depletion in the next quarter century affecting energy security of developing as well as the developed world.(f) Emergence of a global financial crisis bringing to fore the limitations of unregulated market structure, warranting greater treatment by the s tate in regulating the financial system.In creation a diffused multipolar international order has been evolving into a polycentric system with six major players the USA, China, Japan, India, the EU, Russia trespassing the future strategic environmenti.At the same time economic development patterns in, Africa have become increasingly diverse over the last decade, with more and more success stories Since the mid-1990s, 19 Sub-Saharan countries have had yearbook GDP growth of 4.5 percent or higher. The rise in the world price of oil is certainly a major factor at play for some of these countries. One-third of the worlds resource-dependent economies are in Africa. Yet even excluding the oil-rich countries, the fastest growing group of African countries (total 15 countries) has had an average growth rate of at least 4.5 percent. These countries host 34 percent of the regions people. By contrast, the 13 slowest-growing economies in Africa have seen less than 3 percent growth on average , with some having near zero or negative growthii. These countries, many either engaged in conflict or having recently emerged from conflict, bill for 20 percent of the regions people.The countries in Africa experiencing strong growth outside the oil- producing nations have been buoyed, in part, by global price increases in other primary export commodities. With the exception of raw materials, whose prices have been relatively stagnant, other commodities, including metals and non-oil minerals, have experienced noticeable increases in their price levels. This worldwide rise of com modity prices has been engendered in large part by the rapid growth of Asian developing countries, especially China and India. They contributed close to 40 percent of global import growth for precious stones, 30 percent for crude oil, and 20 percent for metallic ores. Their demand for these commodities is likely to grow, or at least not change from current levels, in the foreseeable future.Still, a number of countries in Africa are diversifying their exports, no longer relying solely on the export of a few raw commodities. Exports are increasingly composed of light construct goods, processed foods, horticulture, and services such as tourism. Some countriessuch as Nigeria and South Africahave been increasing their shares of exports in technology-based products. In fact, they are moving up the technology ladder and exporting low- to medium-technology products in sectors where Asian countries are increasingly putting less emphasisThe ever increasing significance of the African continent is highlighted by the following turn of events. In 2008, several high-level meetings were organized with Africas concerns high on the agenda. In April 2008, the India-Africa Forum Summit was held in New Delhi with 14 Heads of State and Government and representatives of regional bodies. A comprehensive Africa-India Framework for Cooperation was established, covering economic cooperation in such areas as agricultural development, political cooperation, science and technology, social development, tourism, infrastructure, energy and environment, and media and communication. A joint plan of action and implementation mechanism is to be developed at bottom a year. One of the stated aims of the framework is to reinforce South-South cooperation to enable Africa and India to have greater leverage in international forums.In May 2008, the fourth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD-IV) took place in Yokohama, with representatives from 51 African countries, including 40 Heads of State and Government as well representatives of African organizations and from many Asian countries. Japan pledged to paradigm its official development assistance (ODA) over the next five years, management on infrastructure and agricultural development.The first Turkey-Africa Cooperation Summit was held in Istanbul in August 2008 with the participation of representatives of 50 African countri es, among them several Heads of State and Government. Turkeys trade and investment relations with Africa have increased dramatically over the past few years and Africa is a major market for Turkish contractors. Turkey has also formalized relations with AU and with AfDB.In October 2008, a ministerial conference on economic cooperation between South Korea and Africa was held to discuss major economic development issues and share South Koreas economic development experiences with African partners. Other middle-income countries such as Brazil are also increase their economic and diplomatic ties with Africa. These developments are taking place against the recent backdrop of high growth in Africa, increasing demand for commodities, especially in emerging economies, and the search for low-cost locations for investments in simple manufacturing. They have helped tour the trend of Africas declining share of world trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) flowsiii.__________________Security Environment in 2025Indias Interests and Strategies Air Commodore Jasjit Singh,AVSM,Vrc,VM, (Retd) USI JOURNAL JANUARY- MARCH 072 Africas silk road Harry.G.braodman.3 United Nations Economic Commission Report on Africa, 2009CHAPTER IIINDIAS ROLE IN EMERGING WORLD ORDERINDIA risingThe centre of gravity of the emerging international order and strategic affairs is increasingly shifting to the Asian landmass (and contiguous island territories). The 21st century is likely to be Asia-centred due to some of the reasons outlined below(a) Asian landmass is where the most far-reaching social, economic and political changes are taking place. How these countries manage change will largely influence the course of world events in the coming decades.(b) The region still has extensive un-resolved disputes extending from issues of sovereignty to ideological issues which are often constructed on religious extremism.(c) By 2015, seven out of ten largest economies would be Asian countries (including t hree out of the four top being Asian, the other country being the United States with its deep and extensive interests in Asia).(d) Seven out of nine nuclear weapon states are determined in Asia (including the United States which has strategically shifted forward into the Asian contiguous oceans, has deployed nuclear weapons in Asia, and will remain an Asian power).(e) Worlds energy demand heartland composed of Japan, Koreas, China and India is in Asia. And so is the energy resource periphery extending from Siberia, fundamental Asia, Persian Gulf, North Indian Ocean, South China Sea, and East China Sea. Future needs and availability of energy resource base are likely to further emphasise the Asia-centred world order while enhancing the role of major centres of power.India as the worlds largest democracy is now on the move in economic and technological terms. It has successfully progressed in what can only be described as the human historys most ambitious experiment of transforming a traditional society into a modern one, of transforming an agrarian-based economy into a comprehensive industry-service sector- agricultural economy, rapidly increase social mobility transforming the country into a class-less society, and so on, all through processes of consultative politics. The World Bank estimates that India will possess the fourth largest economy in the world by 2020. Since independence India has made rapid strides and now has the worlds second largest pool of highly competent scientific and technological expertise while its software strength is likely to play a major role in the coming years. Indias economic growth, not as dramatic as that of China or the East Asia Tigers has until now shown increasing rate of growth in every decade since the late 1960s.Indias geostrategists have a changed perception vis--vis the third world and other NAM countries, which the country was historically aligned toiv. India has used both soft power and enceinte power options to increase its influence on third countries. This perception is based on the following assessments(a) India discontinued its government to government development cooperation with all but six bilateral donors (DFID, EC, Germany, Japan, USAID, and Russian Federation). Instead donors could assist NGOs directly.(b) India has gradually changed from a recipient of aid and assistance to a giver of aid. minister of religion of state for external affairs Rao Inderjit Singh stated in April 2005 Our technical and economic cooperation programme ITEC to 156 states is almost four decades old. a rough monetary assess to the wide range of training and other facilities that we have shared with our friends from Africa, I am sure he would estimate it at well above a billion dollars. 32(c) India Development Initiative (IDI) dedicates a $1.5 billion soft credit fund over five years through the Exim Bank for supporting development projects mainly in Africa.(d) India has leased an air base in Ayni in Ta jikistan which it argues is for non- military purposes, but others see this is as part of Indias move towards increasing its strategic depth in central Asia.(e) India has support Afghanistan in projects that range from roads to hospi- tal building as a way of maintaining its influence in the region. It has extended more than $100 million in credit to the outlawed Myanmar regime, including for upgrading their railway. India has thus emerged as Myanmars second largest market, absorbing 25 per cent of the countrys exports.(f) India maintains its influence in several south Asian states like Nepal, Maldives, Sri Lanka, as is well known.In this context India has gradually dis- engaged from the large southern groups that it once partnered and has played a key role in forming new groups like the G-4, G-15, G-20 and G-33. India has become part of many regional groupings, like India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA), Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Mul ti Sectoral Technical and Economic Coopera- tion (BIMSTEC), as a more direct way of promoting South-South Cooperation as well as establishing a stronger political and economic relationship. This gradual but significant detachment with the third world is driven by Indias great power perceptions. Its aid policies follow the intentions of the west in the creation of markets for Indian capital. The concept of soft power policies remains part of the neo-realist framework, where the interest of the state is primary, regardless of the impact on citizens.__________________4 CHENOY Kamal Mitra, CHENOY Anuradha M * From Economic and Political Weekly phratry 1, 2007.CHAPTER IIIGROWING OPPORTUNITIES IN AFRICAAs the dark continent, Africa has typically been pied with broad-brush strokes, as a place of uncivilized people, as savage and superstitious, as tribalistic and nepostic. Africa is a vast and exotic continent of about 900 million people in 54 independent countries. It has a total area o f over 30 million sq. kms, about three and a half times the size of the United States and 10 times the size of India. It is the second largest continent in the world after Asia. It stretches from the shores of the Mediterranean in the north to the mantle of Good Hope in the south. Africa is rich in mineral and natural resources with large parts of its terrain teeming with wild life and magnificent embed life.It possesses 99 percent of the worlds chrome resources, 85 percent of its platinum, 70 percent of its tantalite, 68 percent of its cobalt and 54 percent of its gold, among others. It has significant oil and gas reserves. Nigeria and Libya are two of the leading oil producing countries in the world. Africas enormous agricultural potential is vastly untapped. Africas vast mineral wealth and strategic significance have encouraged foreign powers to intervene in African affairs. African oil constitutes 8% of the worlds oil resources.Political Importance of Africa is further compoun ded by the fact that it comprises the 54 votes that African Union (AU) maintains in the General Assembly. With world markets in turmoil, an unexpected and overlooked continent may benefit from its very isolation.OpportunitiesThe continent has witnessed a trend towards democratisation that is visible in multi-party elections across the continent and the emergence of a democratic South Africa. It is also visible in the launch of the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD) through the joint efforts of South Africa and Senegal. This action plan promises to remove the tag of the Hopeless Continent.Yet all this has been accompanied by a unconstipated drumbeat of optimism about the continent, and confidence in its prospects. Despite of the problems, the 48 countries of sub Saharan Africa (hereafter referred to as plain Africa) are, by several measures, enjoying a period of unparalleled economic success. And despite the turmoil in the worlds financial markets, international investo rs still think they can make money there.In 1990-94 annual GDP growth was a weak 0.9% since then, growth has averaged closer to 5%. Before this autumns financial meltdown, the IMF was predicting GDP growth of 6.6% this year now it is predicting only a slightly lower rate. Annual GDP growth per person was 1.1% in the late 1990s from 2004 to 2006 it was around 4%. In 1990 47% of Africans lived in poverty in 2004 41% did and, if present trends continue, only 37% will by 2015. Zimbabwe apart, most African countries have been bringing flash down, even if the trend is now creeping up again, in line with the rest of the world.Many countries have been helped by better macro-economic management and big inflows of Western aid, investment and debt relief-as well as by more unquantifiable investments from Asia, curiously China, and the Middle East. The surplus petrodollars of the Gulf States have been flowing into East Africa. The IMF estimates that foreign investment and loans to Africa rose from $11 billion in 2000 to $53 billion in 2007. Much of this has stemmed from the commodities boom. Oil- producing countries such as Angola and Nigeria, and even destroyed Sudan, have supplied the soaring growth s, and much of the foreign investment has gone into extractive industries.Economic development patterns in Africa have become increasingly diverse over the last decade, with more and more success stories. Ghana, Africas first nation to win its freedom from Europe, recently celebrated its 50th anniversary of independence. This is both cause for reflection on the past half-century and a reminder of how materialisation African nations are.In the past seven years we have seen the end of seven major conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote dIvoire, North-South Sudan, Ethiopia-Eritrea, and Angola. We are on the verge of a peace deal in northerly Uganda. Although conflicts are still ongoing in Darfur and Chad, and the peace is fragile in severa l other places, the trend in Africa is toward the resolution of conflict. More importantly, the susceptibility of African nations to deal with conflicts has risen dramatically. African peacekeepers are increasingly active not only in Africa but around the world.Most starkly, Africa is going through a very real economic resurgence. Economic growth is estimated at around 6.5 percent last year, the highest in memory, while inflation is in the single digits. High growth and low inflation are projected to continue this year despite a global economic slowdown. This success is not just in oil countries about two dozen sub-Saharan African nations are enjoying real growth rate in excess of 5 percent. Only one nation Zimbabwe is really going backward quickly, a direct result of President Mugabes sunbaked earth policy of clinging to power at any cost. That sad nation is entering its ninth consecutive year of a shrinking economy, and inflation is now well over 100,000 percent.The striking t hing about Africa today is really its massive economic potentialv. After half a century of very low growth, combined with the colonial legacy which chopped up the continent into so many small countries, the economies of Africa are still little Baltimores economy is about ten times the size of Ghanas, and more than twice the size of Nigerias. Only South Africa is larger, and not by much. The positive economic picture we now see in Africa is being driven by a host of factors, including a boom in commodity prices. But economic reforms inside Africa are also a big part. Macro-economic reforms undertaken over the past decade, with international assistance and encouragement, have brought down inflation and alter the investment climate. Countries are now turning to micro-reforms to make it easier to open, operate, and grow small businesses the true engine for turning poor countries into rich ones.We are also seeing growing foreign investment in Africavi. This is obviously led by oil, g as, and mining, but there are exciting trends in other sectors, such as telecommunications, agribusiness, and business services. Countries such as Ghana are starting to build specialized back office services like India has done so successfully. We are also seeing more interest from private equity firms, hedge funds, and other non-traditional investors that bode well for Africas economic integration into global financial and business networks. Indicative of this interest, Africa was recently have on the cover of Business Week for the first time ever. another(prenominal) very encouraging trend is the returning of African professionals. Bankers who have gotten experience in New York and London are now going back and setting up their own investment firms and banks. We can see this distinctly in the banking boom in places like Nigeria and Ghana.Africa is clearly on a positive trajectory in terms of conflict, democracy, and economic prosperity. But all of these are extremely fragile. 200 7 was one of the best years in recent memory for the continent.__________________5 World Bank Report, Can Africa Claim 21st Century,2000.6 Released on March 18, 2008 Source U.S. Department of State, actors assistant of African AffairsCHAPTER IVEXPLOITATION OF THE GROWING OPPORTUNITIES IN AFRICA BY THE MAJOR GLOBAL POWERSPOISED LIKE PANTHERS THEY STAND, JERKING LIKE LEOPARDS THEYvii fallBRUTAL AS HELL THEY ACT, TACTICAL AS HARE THEY distinguishNOT SEEN IN ACTION, WE ARE LEFT TO NURSE WOUNDSINFLICTED BY CLAWS spiritual domainWITH BUT CRIES FROM DISTANT LANDSOF HOW THEY HAVE FINISHED THEMSELVESFOR THEY ARE UNCIVIL subsequent WE SEEHUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE, PEACE NEGOTIATIONS, PEACE KEEPING OPERATIONSICC INDICTMENTS, ARRESTS AND DETENTIONS, OF THE BEMBAS, TAYLORS,NOT OF OTHERS FOR TIMES BEFIT NOTWE HAVE SEEN RESETTLEMENT, NGOS STAFFED WITH SPIES, EXPLORERSSEARCHING FOR MAGICAL RICHES, OPPORTUNITIES OF access codeGEO-MAPPING, MINERAL PROSPECTING, LAND EYEINGIN WAYS AND BY MEANS beyo nd ORDINARY EYE.WE HAVE SEEN AND NOT SEEN, OUR DESTINY IN OUR HANDSOUR wealth BY , FOR OURSELVES,BLACKS AS KINSMEN, COMPATRIOTS, COMRADESAFRICANS SWUNG INTO ACTIONAGAINST INFILTRATING EXPLOITAERS, SOWERS OF DISARRAYOUR SIGHT BLINDFOLDED WE LAMENT, AGAINST OUR PROGENITORS, CHIEFSTHEMSELVES VICTIMS OF GLOBAL MISCHIEFKNOWERS OF TRUTH STRATEGICALLY PERPETRATESABA- RWENGABO MAY 2007The twin phenomena of a new 21st century global scramble for Africas strategic energy and mineral resources and the on-going global economic slump are admittedly taking a heavy toll on the continent s parturient democracy and security. This was the poignant conclusion of a high-level meeting of African experts and practitioners Convened by the Africa policy institute in Pretoria, South Africa in July 2009.The world economic slowdown, now ravaging African economies, comes on top of the global race for the continents resources crucial in the global political economy and security, especially mineral and energy r esources. The new rush for Africa has increasingly drawn in cold war protagonists of Europe and Russia and more increasingly newcomers mainly China, and to a lesser extent, India, Brazil, South Africa, Korea and Malaysia. With the cost of food and fuel spiraling, commodity boom turning into bust, remittances from the African Diaspora falling, investments drying up and climate change taking its toll, questions remain about the implications of the new scramble for Africa and the both the swirling recession on the stability of the continents democracy and long-term security.The new scramble for Africa has unfolded against the backdrop of globalization in the post-Cold War era, which galvanized acute demand for African resources and the consequent integration of its economies into the global political economy. . With Africas relatively weak markets and unskilled labour pool playacting a marginal role in the knowledge-driven global economy, the new race for Africa has targeted strategic mineral and energy resources such as oil and gas which have immense strategic importance in the global political economy and security calculations of major powers. But despite integration of African natural resources in the global economy, the African labour has become even more marginalised, with studies indicating that the new scramble appears to be diminishing rather than increasing the prospects for employment of African labour and undermining the foundation of African livelihoods . The trend by neo-liberal globalization to divorce the African from his resources is spawning new dynamics of intensified internal conflicts and creating a new fault line of conflict between Africa and the global orderviii.Secondly, the demise of apartheid in 1994 marked the complete liberation of the continent with South Africa becoming a key leader in what has been enchanted as African renaissance. However, as a result of rampant poor governance, corruption and internal wars from Somalia to Darfur (Sudan) and Kenya to Zimbabwe, African leaders failed to use the continents immense natural resources to ensure effective and pro-poor development. As such, while the newly liberated South African powerelite spearheaded the creation of a complex governance and security architecture within the aegis of the African Union to stabilize the continent, civil wars, poor governance corruption and unemployment intensified in the context of the new scramble for continents resources In turn, this has reinforced political instability and democratic crisis. The new scramble for Africa s natural resources, especially oil, is therefore, supported and sustained by the predatory African elites who are the major beneficiaries, while majority of the poor Africans at the periphery of the economy continue to be more marginalised from the economic benefits of the new scramble.Thirdly, the emergence of new economic powerhouses in the former south including India, Brazil and, more saliently, China increas ed global competition for energy and refocused world attention on Africa as a new frontier in the search for alternative source of fossil fuels and land for growing bio-fuel and food crops to supply domestic and global markets, thus triggering the new scramble for Africa.The entry of China and other new players into the African scene increased competition with western powers for oil and mineral resources, but the jury is still out regarding the impact of the interests and strategies of these newcomers on Africas fledgling democracy and overall security.But Chinas policy of not mixing business with politics or the see- no-evil, hear-no-evil policy on governance has collided with the West s emphasis on governance and human rights as a precondition for engagement with Africa, leading to non-cooperation between the two and increase the race for spheres of influence on the continentix.Finally, in the last two years the continent has experienced the full weight of the raging global fina ncial and economic recession which has shattered its economic growth and development prospects, threatened its economies and fostered a climate of political instability. The current global melt-down has intensified Africas good socio-economic and political challenges relating to endemic poverty, unemployment, rising inequality, debt over-hang and the knock-on effects of climate change. But the effect of the global recession on the scramble for Africa and their implications on Africas democratic crisis are not patently clear.The current scramble for Africa is markedly significant in two ways. First, it is a scramble