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Saturday, December 28, 2019

Communication Breakdown Essay - 1134 Words

Ever wonder why a message that seems clear to us is not comprehended by someone else the way we think it should be. How can something we think is stated so clearly become misunderstood that the person we are stating the message to becomes confused? Let’s examine the definition of the word communication. Defined by the freedictionary.com, communication is the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior. Merriam-Webster, defines communication as an act or instance of transmitting and, an exchange of information. Simply stated we are sending a message to the person who is receiving it. The idea we want to send should be clear to the person who is receiving the message, but that is not always the†¦show more content†¦The response may seem inappropriate but, what actually took place is a response to words. The person may hear what he or she wants to hear rather than hear what was actually said. Mental set, prejudices, and the way the individual chooses to filter or screen what is said will affect the way a message is understood. Understanding that meanings of words have an effect on communication. The speaker may choose words that may have different meanings or mean different things to people. English language can instruct someone to hit a bat with a bat or have the sweet child bring me some more sweet tea. People may react differently to the exact same words. There are two distinct meanings to words and language. First, the denotative meaning is what most people may be familiar with. It refers to the exact meaning of a word. The second type of meaning is called the connotative meaning. The connotative meaning of something has to do with what the word suggests to the individual, based on that persons experiences and emotional reactions and judgments associates with the word or what it refers to. Meanings to words can be also affected by a person’s gender, cultural differences, religious belie fs, or sexual orientation. Communication will be misinterpreted if the receiver can’t decipher the meaning of words or inflection of the words being used. It’s inevitable to see people reactShow MoreRelatedCommunication Breakdown Of Communication1966 Words   |  8 Pages Communication Breakdowns â€Å"Effective communication is only 7 percent verbal and 93 percent non-verbal (the non-verbal is 55 percent body language and 38 percent tone of voice)† (Communication). There have been several compelling articles written by scholarly authors based on communication; a few examples of these literary works would be: â€Å"Mother Tongue,† â€Å"Sex, Lies, and Conversation,† and â€Å"The Ways We Lie.† When there are communication problems in any relationship, it will typically cause substantialRead MoreCommunication Breakdown Is The Lack Of Communication1052 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication breakdown is the lack of communication or a failure to exchange information. Communication breakdowns can be found in the workplace and in the home. Some communication breakdowns can be on purpose but others can be from habits that have been learned. Technology can also be the blame for a breakdown in communication. To stop communication breakdowns, we need to lis ten, compromise, have compassion for others weaknesses and triggers and tell the truth. Communication breakdown’s canRead MoreCommunication Breakdown681 Words   |  3 PagesCommunication Breakdown: The Role of Interagency Communication in the Academic Achievement of Foster Youth Farrah Mitchell Ashford University Chapter 1: Background Context Recent research has made clear that children in foster care represent one of the most vulnerable populations in public education. Though there have been few national studies studying the overall achievement of foster youth, various state and local investigations invariably reveal a picture of personal struggle, over-Read MoreCommunication Breakdown Essay2162 Words   |  9 PagesCommunication Breakdown Twenty years ago, literacy was defined as simply being able to read and write. But today, in the twenty-first century, literacy seems to mean more than just the consumption of text. To be literate today, we not only have to be able to consume text and understand it, but we must also have an appreciation for the diverse contexts that the text originates from. â€Å"As in any perception, inferences in such [interactive] situations go beyond the information given, relying onRead MoreCommunication Breakdown Case Study1062 Words   |  5 Pages1. What are the causes of the communication breakdown in the case study? Assess the flows of communication in the organization. There was a lack of communication on everyone’s part involved in the situation. There were several causes of the breakdown due to communication barriers. There was the perceptual barrier that Harry brought to the situation. Harry already had perceived the situation a certain way before he had talked to anyon e. The experiences he had with getting the position filled hadRead MoreWhat Is The Breakdown Of Communication In Flight Analysis998 Words   |  4 PagesOn the day of our flight, we had the breakdown of communications, breakdown of SA, and breakdown of scan, but what we did have in our favor was the trust in what we were looking at on our instruments. As the navigator, I had requested a clearance from the radar operator, which in turn led to enough data being placed in the captain’s brain to make him fly to safety. I trusted the navigation equipment I had displayed in front of me, because all the information to that point was correct, checked, andRead MoreA Letter On The Breakdown Of Communication, Protocol, Planning And Accountability994 Words   |  4 PagesMy failure to check-in and get permissions signifies a breakdown in communication, protocol, planning and accountability. This disregard for all previously stated rules stems from old Scott characteristics in where I s kirted rules because I felt I could get away with it or that I thought the rules were dumb. Growing as I have over the last year I have come to realize that taking a rule at face value is not smart on my part and I must look deeper into why the rule is the rule. Check-ins and permissionsRead MoreCommunication Breakdown Overcoming Culture and Language Barriers2431 Words   |  10 PagesCommunication Breakdown OVERCOMING CULTURAL AND LANGUAGE BARRIERS IN THE GLOBAL GEAR MARKET Matthew Jaster, Associate Editor If you’ve read any business publications lately, chances are you’ve seen an article or two covering language and cultural barriers in the global marketplace. Buzzwords like â€Å"globalization† and â€Å"global supply chain† frequently come up in discussions on training, networking and economic growth. At least once a week, a headline triumphantly declares a company â€Å"lost in translation†Read MoreThe Breakdown Of The Traditional Family Division Of Labour, Instant Communication1574 Words   |  7 Pages During the late 20th century, the world has witnessed â€Å"all sorts of social and technological changes† due to globalisation (Bologun, Sutherland and Oswick, 2015). In fact, the breakdown of the traditional family division of labour, instant communication through technology, and the increased complexity of organisational objectives have favour gender equality and diversity. Those changes have pressure companies to improve their work structure to be more competitive and to the extent that the ideaRead MoreThe Movement Of Patients Between Healthcare Settings And The Opportunity For Communication Breakdowns1963 Words   |  8 Pageseven within a single healthcare setting is recognized as a transition of care. Because of the number of transitions of care that occur during an episode of care and the opportunity for communication breakdowns at each transition point, patients are at increased risk for poor outcomes. Along with communication breakdowns, lack of understanding over diagnoses, medication regimens, self-care and follow-up instructions are also associated with poor transitions of care. As a result, poor transitions of care

Friday, December 20, 2019

The Game of Life Essay - 1550 Words

THE GAME OF LIFE This exhibit is an attempt to reflect the beliefs, values and attitudes that I as an individual strongly embrace at this present time of my life. My beliefs, values and attitudes have been modified and evolved from experiences and interactions with family, school, friends and religion as my life has progressed. I felt the best way to portray these influences in a simplistic yet understandable manner was to clearly arrange them in the corners of a board. The centrepiece of this exhibit is the Chinese chessboard because it symbolises the journey I have taken till this present stage in life and also my Chinese heritage. The simplicity of this exhibit may seem somewhat unappealing but each and every feature which is†¦show more content†¦Life however did not seem fair for them as they soon had to endure yet another battle against communism. Again, the haunting nightmare of escaping the shadow of death appeared before their eyes. Ships arrived from Taiwan and were ready to take on passengers. They departed in a small 67 metre Taiwanese ship, which had a total of 2300 passengers on board. My family had become ‘Vietnamese boat people’ and had to face terrible hardship before arriving to Australia. They had to suffer two years of living in a ship without adequate food and escape from pirates in the middle of the ocean. Adults and children were dying on the ship because of malnutrition. Life was hanging by a piece of thread but because of the support and spirit of each other; they survived through the unutterable trauma which subsequently reinforced their relationship. Their experience has profoundly ingrained itself in me, allowing me to realise how special it is to have my family safe and close to me. These experiences which show endurance, courage and bravery, have directly affected the values, attitudes and beliefs which I now maintain as they allow me to understand the importance of my family as being something irreplaceable and invaluable. I v alue my family beyond anything else in the world and will continue to sustain this belief. My parents as well as my extended family have been crucial in providing the foundation for my beliefs, attitudes and values. I grew upShow MoreRelatedNo Game No Life1374 Words   |  6 PagesNo Game No Life No Game No Life is a light novel series written and illustrated by Kamiya Yuu. The story starts off describing the urban legend of 『 〠(that is how the name is represented throughout the entire series). The legend of 『 〠is a mysterious player on who holds the undisputed top on all online games. It then describes that 『 〠is actually brother and sister who are shut-in NEETS (no education, employment, or training) that play games all day. The older brother, Sora is an 18-year-old boyRead MoreLife Is Like A Game And The Hunger Games1464 Words   |  6 Pagesto extrapolate the future. A prime example of this is the novel The Hunger games and the award winning movie Battle Royale. The famous quote â€Å"life is like a game† is quite literally represented in the book The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins as teenagers fight to death in an arena created by a totalitarian government. Similarly in the movie Battle Royale one of the most famous quotes said by Teacher Kitano â€Å"Life is a game. So fight for survival and see if youre worth it† is illustrated throughoutRead MoreLife And The Game Of Baseball Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pages Every Father plays a symbolic role in another child’s life, he can always be there for you and provide you with what you need and sometimes what you want. A father can be there for you to teach you the rights and the wrongs in life, even though sometimes you don’t want to believe he’s right. A father can teach you how to become a man and teach you to become an athlete if you choose to be one, he will teach you self-discipline and do everything in his power to make sure you will be successful inRead MoreMarriage : The Game Of Life Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesMarriage: The Game of Life (or Death) When considering the concept of life or death, one tends to imagine someone deserted on an island with no tools to survive or someone getting attacked by an animal or some abnormal situation like that. Most certainly, the Regency period does not come to mind. However, women of the period experienced the concept quite vividly- if they could not marry and they had no brothers or sons, they could often lose their fortunes and homes upon the death of their fatherRead MoreThe Great Game Of Life1162 Words   |  5 Pagessuch organization that has proven how important it is to initiate, implement and sustain the vision of the company with teamwork, care and communication. The Great Game Of Life (GGOL) program was initiated with the objective of promoting individual growth and to help individuals make healthier choices so that they can live a better life through selecting growth and overcoming fear. Development of a profitable organization depends on the outcome of satisfied customers, orga nizational culture whereRead MoreLife Is A Game Of Chance1198 Words   |  5 Pagestime that they were abandoned by their God. Art Spiegelman is suggesting that life is a game of chance, or rather a series of events that are fated or at least influenced by a divine power. Life is governed solely by chance and why, during the Holocaust, some people survived while others did not. When Spiegelman is looking for answers, and talks to his therapist it reinforces this idea â€Å"Yes, life always takes the side of life, and somehow the victims are blamed. But it wasn’t the best people who survivedRead MoreEssay on Life is Not a Video Game1698 Words   |  7 PagesVideo games are probably the most asked for present when a child sits on Santa Claus’ lap at Christmas time. They are, in all probability, what kids ask for when they make a wish while blowing out the candles on their birthday cake. The latest installment in the Call of Duty video game franchise, Modern Warfare 3 , reached record sales of $775,000,000 in five days (Tito). At sixty dollars each, that means that this game is present in approximately 12,750,000 homes worldwide. Although the gaming industryRead MoreThe Game of Football and Life in General540 Words   |  2 PagesMy coaching philosophy will be pertaining to the game of football and life in general. I would be using a cooperative philosophy where I would ask for input from my coaching staff and players, to make sure certain decisions is in the best interest of the team, and how much it can help my team. My coaching style will be about making sure my players have fun playing the game they love, work hard to be the best, fight until the final whistle, and develop structure and discipline above all else. ToRead MoreGame Theory and Life Insurance4476 Words   |  18 PagesAstln Bulletin 11 (198o) 1-16 A GAME T H E O R E T I C LOOK AT L I F E I N S U R A N C E UNDERWRITING* JEAN LEMAIRE Universit6 Libre de Bruxelles Tim decision problem o[ acceptance or rejection of life insurance proposals is formulated as a ~vo-person non cooperattve game between the insurer and the set of the proposers Using the mmtmax criterion or the Bayes criterion, ~t ~s shown how the value and the optunal stxateg~es can be computed, and how an optimal s e t of medina!, mformatmns can beRead MoreGame Theory and Life Insurance4460 Words   |  18 PagesAstln Bulletin 11 (198o) 1-16 A GAME T H E O R E T I C LOOK AT L I F E I N S U R A N C E UNDERWRITING* JEAN LEMAIRE Universit6 Libre de Bruxelles Tim decision problem o[ acceptance or rejection of life insurance proposals is formulated as a ~vo-person non cooperattve game between the insurer and the set of the proposers Using the mmtmax criterion or the Bayes criterion, ~t ~s shown how the value and the optunal stxateg~es can be computed, and how an optimal s e t of medina!, mformatmns can be selected

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Online Victimization Contemporary Justice -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Online Victimization Contemporary Justice? Answer: Introduction In the contemporary world, social media is one of the essential parts of every individual since it provides a platform for people to communicate with millions of people across the world. The spread of social media systems has been made possible through the spread of internet technologies. Thus, the barriers to social media are very limited. Social media has provided a platform through which businesses can flourish and grow progressively. Some of the companies which have used social media to expand all over the world include Titan, Adidas, and Toyota among others (Aral, Dellarocas Godes, 2013, p.5). However, there are debates from various factions on whether social media is improving or hand capping businesses. The following research aims to determine the rewards and the drawbacks of social media networking for a business to grow. The following research will take aim at exploring how social media and networking strengthens or weakens a firm in the business environment. The research w ill focus on the advantages and the disadvantages of social media. The scope of the research will provide a basis for establishing and elaborating on the benefits of social media. Project Objective Social media has become a necessary component in the growth of the business. The research will aim at examining the advantages and disadvantages of social media networking in the business environment. For a firm, business or organization to expand, the company needs to leverage on social media in order to get competitive advantages through constant interactions with its customers and clients. Project scope In this study, the data will be collected from random people. As a result, the conclusions from the data analysis will be associated with the opinions of random people. Moreover, the research will target a total of 200 participants. Literature Review The platform of social media is considered as a new trend. It is a quickly progressing platform in which businesses are able to target customers in the easiest manner. The social media network is assisting various companies to promote their products and services. Marketing through the social media is a division of online marketing which aims at accomplishing a required target over and above newsletters, e-mails, and online advertising campaigns. According to Smith et al. (2012, p.105), there exist a variety of social media sites which have various forms and features. For example, one of the most popular social media platforms is Facebook which was introduced in February 2004. From a current evaluation, Facebook currently has more than 900 million users who are active. The second largest social media site is Twitter, which uses a combination of microblogging and social networks (Borges, 2009, p.11). Through Twitter, its users are given a platform in which they are able to share real-t ime experiences. Facebook and Twitter are among the most valuable social media sites since they are used by many people. Such benefits are derived from the ability of social media to convey messages to a large number of people at one time (Teece, 2010, p.174). Pros of social media networking Businesses across the world are finding social media very beneficial. Companies are able to attract customer, promote their products and services in the market, and build their market position (Hajli, 2014, p.408). Social media provides the ability to market goods and services for free, unlike traditional marketing campaigns which spend millions of dollars. Thus, social media enables a business to run with little or a minimum budget (Hudson Thal, 2013, p.172). On the other hand, social media offer marketers with the ability to target audiences and customers on the basis of the personal interest of site users leading to cost efficiency, better customer relationship, expansion of customers, brand awareness, and enhancing of the exposure of the company (Jain, Joshi Shashi, 2014, p.1). According to Dron et al., (2014, p.23), social media networking allows customers to give feedback to the company regarding their services and products thereby giving the company an opportunity to improve their products. Through a provision of the medium of interaction, social media assist in executing both internal as well as external communication platforms (Nadeem, et. al., 2015, p.437). Enhanced communication assist in improving decision making, and amplification of business contacts. Analysis made show that the shopping market is flourishing through the efficient players of online business. There are numerous business and companies which have leveraged their operations on online businesses. According to Haythornthwaite (2005, p.127), Amazon is the largest online business market in the world as it sells more than 26 billion items on a peak day. Amazon provides a platform for customers to select a vast variety of items at the comfort of their homes. Cons of social media networking On the negative side, social media networking has a huge range of negative risks. The risks range from cyber attacking, security issues to hacking. According to the paper by Nadaraja Yazdanifard (2013, p.32), social networking augment the possibilities of hacking and increases security costs through the adaption of firewalls to avoid hacking. Huge numbers of companies are becoming victims of hacking the contemporary world thereby necessitating for other companies to adopt prevention measures. Hacking grabs information from companies which include bank information, personal data, and passwords (Sachs, 2016, p.23). Another disadvantage of social media is inside risk since unsatisfied employees may post unfavorable feeds on social media sites which are not easy to remove. Wilsem (2013, p.440), claims that inside risk poses a high chance of hacking since it is done by an inside person. In an organization, the role of social media strategy cannot be underestimated since one mistake may lead to an adverse effect on the company (Talpau, 2014, p.53). On the other hand, social media has led to an addiction since many people spend most of their time on the social network sites. As a result, it impacts the performance. Boyd (2014, p.6) claims that more than ninety percent of the people are hooked to social media sites. As a result, they were a countless time in scrolling up and down on Twitter, Facebook, and many other sites. On the other hand, employees may become victims of cyberbullying. Cyberbullying has been known to lead to harassment, suicide, and depression. Research Question Primary Question Is social media a threat or a helping hand in the business environment? Secondary Question Should a business leverage its operation in social media? Can social media be used constructively on the business front? Research Design and Methodology The aim of this study is to examine the pros and cons of social media. The research will employ a qualitative approach in facilitating a well-conceptualized research process. Approaches to validity and validity Validity points out to the point at which an apparatus calculates the examination of a construct. For an instrument to be classified as a valid, the entity that will be chosen and incorporated must be appropriate to the gap or need to be ascertained. Data collection method The data to be used for the study will be derived from a survey of selected participants. Questionnaires will be used in asking questions regarding the pros and cons of social media. Once the data has been obtained, the data will go through tests to determine their reliability before analysis will be performed on them to get the desired information. Sample size To observe accurately and up to date data, the researcher will conduct a mini-survey which will include 200 participants between the ages of 15 and 35 years. The survey will collect data using telephone interviewing, paper distribution and email. Data analysis The study will use qualitative data for analysis. The data will be analyzed using simple statistical methods such as tables, graphs, and percentages. On the other hand, the tables will be utilized to summarize data. The generated qualitative data from the interviews will be classified in themes with regards to the research objectives and will be accounted for in the narrative form. Research limitations The study will adopt the use of primary data so as to establish the pros and cons of social media in business. The methods to be used for information collection will be questionnaires. It is expected that some of the interviewees will be uncooperative since some of the facts may seem to be sensitive. They may also be unwilling in filling in the questionnaires, and some may hesitate to give candid responses to subtle issues. The researcher will, therefore, have to try to curb this restriction by reassuring them discretion. Time Schedule The following section aims to develop a week wise task list of the research. The schedule will be followed completely though there will be expected some unwanted delays. When unexpected delays occur, time will be allocated or deducted from other tasks. When time expected to run the research runs short, the researcher will have to start some of the tasks parallel with another. Time Activity Week 1 Writing of the research proposal and the literature review Week 2 Completing the literature review and conducting a pilot study Week 3 Collecting the main Week 4 o Completing data collection Week 5 o Analyzing the data Week 6 o Writing a dissertation plan and beginning the first draft Week 7 o Completing the first draft Week 8 o Discussing the draft with the supervisor Week 9 o Beginning the second draft Week 10 o Proofing reading and checking Conclusion The role of social media networking cannot be underlooked in the contemporary business world as it has been used in establishing links everywhere. Businesses are able to expand globally through the adaptation of social media. However, such a blessing brings with it various negative situations and mindsets which may impact the company negatively. The following research will, therefore, prove whether social media assists in the business environment putting into consideration its pros and cons. Therefore, a business or a firm will get to decide if it should leverage its operation in social media and how the social media can be used constructively on the business front. Reference list Aral, S., Dellarocas, C. and Godes, D., 2013. Introduction to the special issuesocial media and business transformation: a framework for research.Information Systems Research,24(1), pp.3-13. Borges, B., 2009.Marketing 2.0: Bridging the gap between seller and buyer through social media marketing. Wheatmark, Inc.. Boyd, D., 2014.It's complicated: The social lives of networked teens. Yale University Press. Dron, J. and Anderson, T., 2014.Teaching crowds: Learning and social media. Athabasca University Press. Hajli, M.N., 2014. A study of the impact of social media on consumers.International Journal of Market Research,56(3), pp.387-404. Haythornthwaite, C., 2005. Social networks and Internet connectivity effects.Information, Community Society,8(2), pp.125-147. Hudson, S. and Thal, K., 2013. The impact of social media on the consumer decision process: Implications for tourism marketing.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,30(1-2), pp.156-160. Jain, M.S., Joshi, M.P. and Shashi, M., 2014.Impact of social media on business.target,1, p.1. Nadaraja, R. and Yazdanifard, R., 2013. Social media marketing: advantages and disadvantages.Center of Southern New Hempshire University. Nadeem, W., Andreini, D., Salo, J. and Laukkanen, T., 2015. Engaging consumers online through websites and social media: A gender study of Italian Generation Y clothing consumers.International Journal of Information Management,35(4), pp.432-442. Sachs, W., 2016.Black Hamlet. Read Books Ltd. Smith, A.N., Fischer, E. and Yongjian, C., 2012. How does brand-related user-generated content differ across YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter?.Journal of Interactive Marketing,26(2), pp.102-113. Talpau, A., 2014. The marketing mix in the online environment.Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov.Economic Sciences. Series V,7(2), p.53. Teece, D.J., 2010. Business models, business strategy and innovation.Long range planning,43(2), pp.172-194. Wilsem, J.V., 2013. Hacking and harassmentDo they have something in common? Comparing risk factors for online victimization.Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice,29(4), pp.437-453

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Change and Isomorphism System Analysis in Management

Question: Discuss about the Change and Isomorphism for System Analysis in Management. Answer: The reductionist approach involves the understanding and/or breaking down a complex system into simpler components. The reductionist theory attempts to explain complex systems in terms of their simpler components. The reductionist theory approach has a number of benefits in general interdisciplinary aspects. The first benefit of reductionist approach to issues is that it enables a simplified decision making process (Faeder Morel, 2016). This is because as a reductionist, one does not look at the complexity of a system and/or any contradictions involved but focuses on the different components of the system. In this regard, decisions to repair the functionality of a particular system mainly focus on one of the system components that are the cause of any failure. Secondly, a reductionist approach enables one to understand the functionality of the whole system. Considering a whole system in terms of its components enable an individual to understand each role of each component (Faeder Morel, 2016). The approach enables a thorough study of a particular phenomenon based on its components rather than the whole. In the medical field for instance, the malfunctioning of a particular organ in the body can be treated through mainly understanding the role of the organ to the body and the right treatment for such an organ. Further, reductionist helps in providing accurate and non-subjective explanations of a particular phenomenon. This is because reductionist approach narrows down to investigating the most basic level of the components of a given system, with an intention to explaining the contribution of the particular components to the functionality of the whole system (Faeder Morel, 2016). Reductionism remains an important and scientific method to understanding complex issues in regard to their basic levels. As a result, it is adopted as a philosophy in different systems and organizations, while other organizations incorporate it along the holism approach for efficiency. Examples of Isomorphic Behavior between Systems Isomorphism refers to the similarity of processes and/or structure of a particular organization and those of another. This can be based on the result of both imitation, and independent development of the two organizations within similar constraints. One example of isomorphic behavior includes mimetic isomorphism which according to the organization theory involves the tendency of particular organizations imitating others structure with an intention of deriving similar benefits that the later enjoys (Skille, 2011). In particular, one organization choses to adopt an organizational structure like one used in another organization in order to have the same benefits as the other organization. Another example of isomorphic behavior is the practice of normative isomorphism. This involves a process where professionalisms in a given field like the medical practitioners, influences different organizations to change in a way that they eventually become more similar to each other. Normative isomorphism thus brings about pressure on institutions and/or systems, to conform to standards since their staff members can draw on the acquired organized professional networks which guide their operational activities (Skille, 2011). Professionals in different fields agree on their developed practice as legitimate and thus can be used by different organizations that however are in the same field. Both normative and mimetic isomorphic behaviors are both under organizational and/or institutional isomorphism. They both are crucial for organizational change approaches. References Faeder, J. Morel, P. (2016). Reductionism Is Dead: Long Live Reductionism! Systems Modeling Needs Reductionist Experiments. Biophysical Journal, 110(8), 1681-1683 Skille, E. (2011). Change and isomorphism: A case study of translation processes in a Norwegian sport club. Sport Management Review, 14 (1), 79-88.