Impact of Industrialisation of Wales

Impact of industrial enterprise of WalesThe industrialization of Wales has been draw as performing as a caldron of rebirth for the chisel spoken oral communication. Discuss this argument. industrial enterprise in Wales made a large impact on umteen different parts of cheat life and culture. The welsh lecture, which throughout the ordinal and nineteenth centuries faced legion(predicate) challenges, was not excluded from this it is clear to umteen that industrialization had a large impact on the rip off spoken communication as a whole during this period. The question that remains, however, is whether the welsh speech was positively abnormal by industrial enterprise or not. small-arm it would be best to scent at individual provenances along with Wales as a whole, by feel at the country as a whole it is argued that the rip off spoken communication faced hardships. This was due(p) to the fact that overall the number of native welch utterers rapidly declined be tween 1800 and 1911. In 1891, 54.5 percent of the welch population could mouth welsh, however this percentage dropped to 44.6 per cent by 1911.1 This essay shall debate whether industrialisation was indeed a cauldron of rebirth for the chisel spoken communication or whether it change the chisel language preferably, as well as human face at other factors that could, in a way, be described as acting as a cauldron of rebirth.It is debated amongst historians whether industrialisation religious serviceed the welsh language flourish during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries or whether it contributed to the gradual decline in native rip off babbleers. Brinley Thomas argues that a large number of great deal migrated to the south to train in coal mines, though they brought up chisel- treating families.2 receivable to this it buns be proposed that to most extent industrialisation did, in fact, armed service the cheat-language, acting as a cauldron of rebirth. Geraint Jenkins counter-argues this facet by stating that as battalion migrated to the south to work in coal mines, many communities muzzy thousands of Welsh- mouth people.3 From this is can be assumed that Jenkins says that as many communities lost so many Welsh-speakers, it because compresseds that the Welsh language began to decline, meaning that the industrialisation of Wales was not acting as a cauldron of rebirth for the Welsh language. Regardless(prenominal), it appears that to many historians that industrialisation had some effect on the Welsh language, though it remains unclear whether this effect was frequently good or bad.industrialisation compete a key role in the development and modernization of Great Britain throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Wales was no exception to this, and apothegm a large surge in industry, curiously in the south. many raw materials such as coal were seen as an important resource that would help the British empire and British economy grow and flourish. payable to this, migration to the south and other industrialised areas on Wales was fairly common. Thomas proposes that the Welsh language was saved by industrialisation during this period rather than damaged by it.4 This is due to the fact that many families who had migrated to the industrialised areas brought up their children to speak Welsh. Thomas also notes that nearly 900,000 Welsh- communicate people were recorded in the 1891 census. 70 per cent of these people were living in the five counties that were the about late affected by industrialization Carmarthenshire, Flintshire, Glamorgan, Caernarfonshire, and Denbighshire.5 Despite this, it is important to note that individually townsfolk in the south and other industrialised areas had different percentages of those who could speak Welsh. Pontardawe precept 67 per cent of its population speaking only Welsh, no side, whilst Cardiff saw only 1.9 per cent of its population being able to speak Wels h.6 With this in mind, there appears to be a distinct pattern town that were closer to the coast and could be used as ports appeared to read less Welsh-speakers inhabiting it than in areas further away, such as areas with coal. Gwenfair and Williams support this point by stating that Cardiff focused primarily on exports.7 Therefore it can be argued that duration industrialisation helped the Welsh language in some areas, in others it move to struggle, meaning that it cannot rightfully be described as an acting cauldron of rebirth.Continuing from the previous point, the industrialisation of Wales saw an influx of many foreigners. While many of these foreigners came from England in the search for work, others travelled from Ireland and even Italy in put up to live and work in Wales.8 When people migrate many of them found their language and culture with them, meaning that it is highly probable that Welsh towns that saw a large amount of migrants had to adapt to accommodate these n ew languages and cultures. Merthyr had 12 per cent of its population migrate from outside Wales in the 1840s, with Pontypool seeing more(prenominal) than 30 per cent of its population coming from outside Wales.9 Looking at Pontypool in particular, 89.7 per cent of its population could speak English but no Welsh this indicates that migrants had quite the influence over Pontypool as English became the predominant language in that region, especially the English. As well as this, many Welsh-born people migrated outside of Wales, including America, due to industrialization. The 1891 American census revealed that 100,079 Welsh people lived in the United States.10 With these people pathetic to an English-speaking nation, it is logical that they would keep an eye on and speak English in order to get the best opportunities this would mean that the number of Welsh-speaking people most managely declined as parents saw no consider to teach their children Welsh in a foreign country. This vi ew is contradicted by Thomas, however, who states that a vast majority of immigration during this period was Welshmen moving to the north or south in order to look for work in coalmines or factories.11 With industrialisation having an impact on migration as a whole, it is safe to say that migration did not necessarily help the Welsh language, instead making the numbers of those who spoke it decline.Welsh education saw many changes, some of them quite dramatic, and did have an overall effect on the Welsh language in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. As education in Wales was controlled by the English government at the time, the English language was poke in many schools throughout Wales. This issue was brought up in the treachery of the Blue Books in 1847 along with other problems the Welsh education strategy was facing at the time. The Education figure out of 1870 made matters worse, especially in weak Welsh-speaking areas, as English was further pushed in schools. Childre n could no long-life learn Welsh in schools, instead having to rely on parents as well as Sunday schools in order to learn the language properly. In some areas, this meant that Welsh quickly became a minority language. As Welsh was no longer taught in schools, this meant that the survival of the Welsh language depended on parents, Sunday schools and preachers who passed the language on to younger generations.12 The Education Act of 1870 had an impact on the whole of Wales, especially in the south. This can be seen by how in Cardiff in 1847, there were ninety-three schools that taught in English n unmatchable taught in only Welsh.13 Attitudes towards education in Wales did not help either. In his book Welsh policy-making and Educational Leaders in the Victorian Era, Morgan stated that Lord Aberdare in 1885, declared that he had succeed to the conclusion that the teaching of Welsh should not be made compulsory.14 This berth towards education in Wales would therefore mean that, to some, the Welsh language should exist through family rather than education. This suggests that the change in education did not have a positive effect on the Welsh language, and that it cannot be described as acting as a cauldron of rebirth like industrialisation and migration can.As previously mentioned, the Welsh language appeared to rely on parents and religion in order to survive in predominantly English-speaking areas. As services were carried out in Welsh and Sunday schools taught Welsh children how to speak and read Welsh, it can be argued that religion in Wales can therefore be described as acting as a cauldron of rebirth for the Welsh language. Nonconformity was the main religion in Wales, meaning that a vast majority of services were in Welsh. However, it was rumoured that chapelgoer meetings practiced illicit sex, which presented the idea that Welsh women were therefore unchaste.15 This meant that Welsh-speakers would face more than prejudice from English-speakers, whic h may have prompted some to change religion and therefore slowly stop speaking Welsh. Despite this, it can be proposed that the Welsh language survived due to Sunday schools, which is stated by D. Yorath. Yorath states that the influence of the Welsh pulpit and Sunday schools will certainly prevent it becoming dead in a letter to the editor of the South Wales Daily News, October 1897. From this it is slightly clear how much of an influence religion had on the Welsh language, which arguably gives it the right to be described as acting as a cauldron of rebirth for the Welsh language. Prejudice towards Welsh-speakers, however, appeared to be quite common, especially in industrial areas were English tended to be the best-loved language by many. This therefore created a stigma surrounding the Welsh language, which negatively wedge it. It can be argued that this stigma is what caused some areas of Welsh auberge to most neglect the Welsh language.Much like with many factors, the atti tude that bon ton has towards a particular area impacts greatly how well it does or not. some(prenominal) parents appeared to be put off by the idea of their child speaking Welsh due to how it was seen as a lazy language. This led to many middle-class families mainly speaking English, only choosing to speak Welsh when it was deemed necessary.16 Welsh was seen as the language for the working class and the lower-middle class, with Davies pointing out that upper-class Welsh-speaking families were non-existent in the nineteenth century.17 English was seen as the language of business by many, which meant that in order to receive a good paying job speaking English was necessary. Many middle-class families therefore saw no need to teach their children Welsh there was no need to learn a language that appeared to have very little importance in the wider world. Interestingly, Morgan states that it was in fact middle-class Welshmen who pushed for the compulsory teaching of Welsh in schools.18 This is most likely due to the increase in Welsh nationalism during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. about Welshmen felt as though an identity for Wales was needed, one that would be separate from England, which resulted in the revival of the Eisteddfodau in the late eighteenth century Morgan even states that The Victorian Era is canonised because it is the era in which the glory of modern Welsh Nationality began to shine.19 Therefore, from this it can be assumed that the film for Welsh to be taught in schools was due to nationalism in Wales during this period. Although society did play a key role in ensuring the survival of the Welsh language, it cannot be rightfully described as acting as a cauldron for rebirth due to the fact that society did appear to be torn during this period on whether or not the Welsh language was still important. Whilst many nationalists wanted the Welsh language to continue to thrive, others preferred to speak English as it meant that they had m any more opportunities in the wider world.The statement that industrialisation can be described as acting as a cauldron of rebirth for the Welsh language is true to add extent. It is important to note that while it can be argued that the Welsh language declined due to industrialisation, the Welsh language has still survived to this day and, in some areas, even grew stronger due to industrialisation. However, it should be recognised that not only industrialisation had a positive impact on the Welsh language. Migration, which increased mainly due to industrialisation in south Wales, and religion also played a key role in helping the Welsh language survive. Due to this it is safe to assume that these three factors can all be described as acting as a cauldron of rebirth. Some historians, such as Thomas, support this statement and believe that industrialisation as a whole had a positive effect on the Welsh language. Not one factor helped revive the Welsh language it would be better to s ay that many different factors contributed to the survival of the Welsh language. Therefore, due to the fact that the Welsh language still thrives in many Welsh communities today, industrialisation was one factor that was a cauldron of rebirth for the Welsh language.BibliographyPrimary sourcesJones, Dot. statistical Evidence Relating to the Welsh Language 1801-1911. Cardiff, 1998.Morgan, J. Vyrnwy. Welsh Political and Educational Leaders in the Victorian Era. London 1908.Yorath, D. Writing to the editor in chief of the South Wales Daily News, 27th October 1897. (http//newspapers.library.wales)Secondary Sources Brinley, Thomas. The Industrial Revolution and the Atlantic Economy. USA and Canada, 1993.Davies, Cennard. The Welsh Language The story of Britains oldest living language. Talybont, 2006.Davies, Janet. The Welsh Language. Cardiff, 1988.Davies, Janet. The Welsh Language A History. Cardiff, 2014.Davies, Russell. Hope and Heartbreak. Cardiff, 2005.Davies, Russell. People, Places Passion. Cardiff, 2015.Jenkins, Geraint H. Language and Community in the 19th Century. Cardiff, 1998.Jenkins, Geraint H. The Welsh Language before the Industrial Revolution. Cardiff, 1997.Parry, Gwenfair and Williams, Mari A. The Welsh Language and the 1891 Census. Cardiff, 1999.1 Jones, Dot. statistical Evidence Relating to the Welsh Language 1801-1911, p. 225.2 Thomas, Brinley. The Industrial Revolution and the Atlantic Economy, p. 208.3 Jenkins, Geraint. The Welsh Language and its Social Domains. p. 2.4 Thomas, Brinley. The Industrial Revolution and the Atlantic Economy, p 209.5 Thomas, Brinley. The Industrial Revolution and the Atlantic Economy, p. 6 Jones, Dot. 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